The special feature of this container is its convex walls. This research deals with determination of the loading of an open container during operating modes. Current concerns, challenges, and opportunities are discussed. The airflow, cooling kinetics, cooling uniformity, and the material and mechanical safety behavior of fresh fruit packaging boxes will be analyzed. In this review, thermo-mechanical modeling studies during postharvest handling are overviewed regarding the experimental, analytical, and computational approaches. Generally, transport phenomena (such as airflow, heat, and mass transfer) during the cooling of horticultural products are complex therefore, the use of computational modeling techniques is a valid alternative to expensive and difficult experiments because computers continuously become more powerful and less expensive, the software is readily available, and once a model is validated, it is a versatile tool to evaluate the effects of the operating and design parameters involved. In agro-food research and industry, mathematical models are being used to develop and optimize preharvest and postharvest operations, and their use has grown exponentially over the last decade. Finally, in providing a comprehensive definition of container specifications the paper provides a knowledge base to promote theory building for applied researchers in the field of container technology and operations. The study highlights to policy makers anomalies arising from the recent inclusion in the CSC of direct references to ISO standards. The analysis identifies gaps and inconsistencies between regulations and standards and assesses the impact these have on operations and safety. In this paper the legal status of the IMO's Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) and ISO standards is clarified, and a common container specification framework is developed to assess the extent to which international regulations and standards are aligned. However, it is shown that there is widespread misunderstanding of the roles of the IMO and the ISO in regulating and promoting standards in the design, dimensions, ratings, coding, marking and strength of containers. Growing adoption of terminal automation is also requiring greater stan-dardisation in the codification and marking of containers. Increasing stack heights on container ships and growing volumes of high density cargo have increased the loads and stresses placed on containers, requiring an assessment of current container strength specifications.
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